喷丸奥氏体耐热钢抗蒸汽氧化性的研究与使用现状

奥氏体钢内壁喷丸处理作为一种新的提高材料抗蒸汽氧化性的技术，在超超临界火电机组受热面管的使用越来越广泛和成熟。概述了传统奥氏体钢在蒸汽氧化过程中氧化皮的形成结构，材料临界Cr含量 对富Cr层形成的影响，以及氧化皮结构与临界Cr含量 的关系。奥氏体钢内壁喷丸处理提高抗蒸汽氧化性的机理为：喷丸在管子内表面形成一层微米级厚度的喷丸层，喷丸层中晶粒碎化、晶格畸变、位错增多，在蒸汽氧化过程中，为基体内的Cr原子向表面扩散提供短路通道，使喷丸层表面Cr浓度提高，以形成富Cr层，减小氧化速率，提高抗蒸汽氧化性。归纳得出国内外关于喷丸奥氏体钢与传统钢管在600~750 ℃温度范围内，抗蒸汽氧化性的顺序依次为：600~700 ℃温度下，喷丸SUPER304(S30432)>喷丸TP347H≈喷丸TP321H≈TP310HCbN(HR3C)>SUPER304≈TP347HFG>TP304≈TP347H>TP321H；700~750 ℃下，TP310HCbN(HR3C)>喷丸TP347H>喷丸TP321H。同时归纳了喷丸工艺中，各因素对喷丸效果的影响，喷丸层质量的金相和硬度评价方法，以及目前喷丸奥氏体钢的实际应用现状。最后分析了喷丸奥氏体钢关于加工、焊接以及使用寿命等仍需研究解决的问题，展望了喷丸工艺向马氏体钢的推广使用。     

基于迁移学习的有机硅单体分馏过程能耗建模

有机硅单体分馏过程需分离的物质多且分离技术要求高，是有机硅单体生产过程中能耗较高的单元之一。能耗模型的建立对分馏过程的生产优化有着重要的意义。虽然分馏过程中各提纯单元的塔器设备型号、操作条件存在差异，但由于各提纯单元存在相似性，如何充分利用这些相似性进行能耗建模，从而减少建模过程中对数据量、质的要求是要解决的问题。通过引入迁移学习算法，增大源单元和目标单元数据域的相似性，实现不同数据域的知识传递，充分利用现有数据中包含的知识，建立新的能耗模型。以某有机硅企业采集的现场数据进行算法验证，结果显示，当训练样本量不足时，迁移学习可以有效提升模型性能，从而验证了该算法的有效性与实际应用价值。     

Numerical investigation of a multichannel reactor for syngas production by methanol steam reforming at various operating conditions

A novel multichannel reactor with a bifurcation inlet manifold, a rectangular outlet manifold, and sixteen parallel minichannels with commercial CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst for methanol steam reforming was numerically investigated in this paper. A three-dimensional numerical model was established to study the heat and mass transfer characteristics as well as the chemical reaction rates. The numerical model adopted the triple rate kinetic model of methanol steam reforming which can accurately calculate the consumption and generation of each species in the reactor. The effects of steam to carbon molar ratio, weight hourly space velocity, operating temperature and catalyst layer thickness on the methanol steam reforming performance were evaluated and discussed. The distributions of temperature, velocity, species concentration, and reaction rates in the reactor were obtained and analyzed to explain the mechanisms of different effects. It is suggested that the operating temperature of 548 K, steam to carbon ratio of 1.3, and weight hourly space velocity of 0.67 h⁻¹ are recommended operating conditions for methanol steam reforming by the novel multichannel reactor with catalyst fully packed in the parallel minichannels.     

Feasibility of preparing additive manufactured porous stainless steel felts with mathematical micro pore structure as novel catalyst support for hydrogen production via methanol steam reforming

In this paper, an additive manufacturing prepared porous stainless steel felt (AM-PSSF) is proposed as a novel catalyst support for hydrogen production via methanol steam reforming (MSR). In the method, 316 L stainless steel powder with diameter of 15–63 μm is processed by the additive manufacturing technology of selective laser melting (SLM). To accomplish the preparation, the reforming chamber where the AM-PSSF is embedded is firstly divided into an all-hexahedron mesh. Then, the triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) unit with mathematical form, high interconnectivity and large specific surface area is mapped into the hexahedrons based on shape function, forming the fully connected three-dimensional (3D) micro pore structure of the AM-PSSF. By correlating the mathematical parameter and the porosity of the TPMS unit, and taking into account the SLM process, the porosity of the AM-PSSF is well controlled. Based on the designed 3D pore structure model, the AM-PSSF is produced using standard SLM process. The application of the AM-PSSF as catalyst support for hydrogen production through MSR indicates that: 1) both the naked and catalyst-coated AM-PSSF have the characteristics of high porosity, large specific surface area and high connectivity; 2) the MSR hydrogen production performance of the AM-PSSF is better than that of the commercial stainless steel fiber sintered felt. The feasibility of AM-PSSF as catalyst support for MSR hydrogen production may pave a better way to balance different requirements for catalyst support, thanks to the excellent controllability provided by AM on both the external shape and the internal pore structure, and to the produced rough surface morphology that benefits the catalyst adhesion strength. In addition, catalyst support with pore structures that are more accommodated with the flow field and the reaction rate of MSR reaction may be prepared in future, since the entire catalyst support structure, from macro scale to micro scale, is under control.     

Wet Oxidation Treatment of Radioactive Spent Ion-Exchange Resin

Radioactive waste ion-exchange resins have been treated by cement solidification directly, however, the effect of cement is unsatisfactory. In order to find other proper treatment methods, many investigations have been carried out. Especially, wet oxidation treatment technology is favored by many researchers because of its short treatment cycle and high volume reduction ratio. In this work, the reaction mechanism, process characteristics and industrial application of the wet oxidation treatment of radioactive spent ion-exchange resins were summarized. The analysis of the acid boiling degradation, Fenton wet oxidation technology, steam reforming process and supercritical water oxidation method had been focused. Mainly for the acid digestion, steam reforming process, supercritical water oxidation and Fenton wet oxidation were compared by the status of research at home and abroad and industrial applications, combined with the advantages and disadvantages of each method and the ease of post-processing,and considering the perspective of nuclear safety and convenient for subsequent processing, four treatment methods were briefly analyzed by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The results indicated that Fenton wet oxidation treatment of radioactive spent ion exchange resin was one of the feasible schemes.     

秦山核电基地放射性废物最小化技术实践与探讨

介绍了秦山核电基地在放射性废物最小化方面的实践。包括建立了蒸汽发生器排污树脂和通风过滤器金属框架清洁解控工作流程;改进了水泥固化线工艺,水泥固化包装容器采用金属桶代替水泥桶;开发了废过滤器芯子暂存衰变法分类处理及一桶装多芯方案;开发了技术废物“三明治”式废物装桶和超级压实提高外包装容器效率等最小化实践。对废液、废树脂、技术废物、有机废液等处理技术进行了比较分析,建议采用废液蒸干压实技术、废树脂蒸汽重整技术、可燃废物和有机废液焚烧技术,预计秦山核电基地废物产生量可由541 m³/a减至约94 m³/a。     

Influence of metal-support interactions on reaction pathways over Ni/CeZrOx–Al2O3 catalysts for ethanol steam reforming

This work investigates selective Ni locations over Ni/CeZrO_x–Al₂O₃ catalysts at different Ni loading contents and their influences on reaction pathways in ethanol steam reforming (ESR). Depending on the Ni loading contents, the added Ni selectively interacts with CeZrO_x–Al₂O₃, resulting in the stepwise locations of Ni over CeZrO_x–Al₂O₃. This behavior induces a remarkable difference in hydrogen production and coke formation in ESR. The selective interaction between Ni and CeZrO_x for 10-wt.% Ni generates more oxygen vacancies in the CeZrO_x lattice. The Ni sites near the oxygen vacancies enhance reforming via steam activation, resulting in the highest hydrogen production rate of 1863.0 μmol/g_cat·min. In contrast, for 15 and 20-wt.% Ni, excessive Ni is additionally deposited on Al₂O₃ after the saturation of Ni–CeZrO_x interactions. These Ni sites on Al₂O₃ accelerate coking from the ethylene produced on the acidic sites, resulting in a high coke amount of 19.1 mg_c/g_cat·h (20Ni/CZ-Al).     

Measurement of heat transfer coefficients for steam condensation on a vertical 21.5-mm-O.D. tube in the presence of air

ABSTRACT

Governing the rate of heat transport by condenser tubes in the passive containment cooling system (PCCS), the steam condensation over a vertical cylinder in the presence of air was investigated experimentally. The main objective of this study was to explore if the condensation heat transfer coefficient relies on the tube dimension, which has been a variable missed in most condensation models or has been embraced without experimental demonstration under phase change environments. The mean heat transfer coefficient was measured in the condensation test facility named JERICHO (JNU Experimental Rig for Investigation of Condensation Heat transfer On tube). The outer diameter of the condenser tube used in this study was set to 21.5 mm. The measured heat transfer coefficients were compared to those obtained from the 40-mm-O.D. tube, and a multiplier to correct the variation of the heat transfer coefficient with the tube diameter was proposed for its application to Lee correlation. The proposed correlation was further validated against another set of experimental data obtained from a separate test facility housing the 31.8-mm-O.D. tube.